Fracking And Fracture Stimulation Techniques Essay

Fracking in CSG mining is a process where a mixture of water, sand and additives are pumped under pressure into a coal seam to open up already existent cracks in the coal strata. Fracturing fluid is 97%-99% sand and water, with a small amount of commonly used biodegradable compounds to prevent bacterial growth and turn the fluid into a gel so it can be pumped more easily (What is coal seam gas? - NSW Resources and Energy, 2016). The CSIRO suggests the components of fracturing fluid are: guar gum, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, ammonium persulphate, ethanol, acetic acid and sodium carbonate. Any chemicals used in fracking activities in NSW must be approved by the NSW Department of Industry, Resources and Energy. This government agency assesses applications to determine the chemical use is safe for both the community and environment. Additives of drilling and fracture stimulation techniques may be sampled at any time to ensure compliance with government legislation. In some places the coal is permeable and therefore fracking is not required to release the gas. In other places gas companies drill horizontally into the coal seam as an alternative to fracking. ‘Horizontal drilling occurs at deep levels underground and reduces the number of visible vertical wells located above ground’(NSW, 2013). The horizontal holes are much smaller and eliminate the need for hydraulic fracking. Hydraulic fracking is not a new procedure and has been used by the oil and gas industryShow MoreRelatedFracking And Its Early Technological Advancements1564 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Contents Introduction 1 What is Hydraulic Fracking? 2 The Roberts Torpedo, 1864 3 Kelpper Well No. 1, 1947 5 Hydrafrac, 1949 6 The Growth of Hydrafrac, 1949 - 1954 8 Introduction Hydraulic fracking (‘Fracking’) dominates the US oil and gas industry. Although it is currently a politically dividing topic due to environmental concerns (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010), the concept behind fracking has been around for over 150 years (Roberts, 1866), and has beenRead MoreFracking : How Fracking Effects People1222 Words   |  5 Pages How fracking effects people Hydraulic fracturing began in 1947 and still happening until now. People have used fracking to produce more than one million oil and natural gas wells since 1947. Currently fracking accounts for 50% of locally produced natural gas and 33% of local petroleum† (Engelder 274). It proved that fracking is valuable because people can get too much natural gas and petroleum from fracking. There are 2.5 million frac jobs that hadRead MoreMotivation: India energy scenario: Today, India is the fifth largest energy consumer in the world.1500 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as quartz and calcite. Shale can be the source, reservoir and the seal for natural gas. Shale formations normally have low permeability (limited ability for gas or fluids to flow easily through the shale formation) and normally require stimulation techniques (such as fracturing) to economically produce shale gas. Shale gas is natural gas that is attached to, or â€Å"adsorbed† onto, organic matter or is contained in thin, porous silt or sand beds interbedded in the shale. The combined clay and mineralsRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : A Common And Widespread Technique1637 Words   |  7 PagesHydraulic fracturing has become a very common and widespread technique, especially in North America, due to technological advances that have allowed extracting natural gas from so-called unconventional reservoirs (tight sands, coal beds and shale formations). The socalled high volume hydraulic fracturing (with treatments typically an order of magnitude larger than the conventional fracturing procedures) began in 1968. This was complemented by horizontal drilling since the late 1980s, and the useRead MoreFracking : Hydraulic Fracturing ( Fracking ) Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesAlqatami Hydraulic Fracturing Fracking process is a type of drilling water beneath the earth surface in order to access to natural gas and oil. A huge drill is used to pass through many layers of earth and rock that lie between us as the natural gas. The mixture is water, sand and certain chemicals forced into the rock at high pressure in order to force the gas out to where they can collect it. The drill can be driven into the earth either vertically or horizontally. Fracking began as an experiment inRead MoreAnalysis : Eagle Ford Shale2774 Words   |  12 Pagesin south Texas has recently become the focus of many oil industry operators searching for new sources of hydrocarbons by using the latest technology in previously unexplored areas. This exploration enhances the development of even more advanced techniques as issues are identified and problems solved to address the unique properties of the formation and the surrounding surface environment. Even though a formation may be comprised of a single sedimentary l ayer from a similar geological time frame itRead MoreHydraulic Fracking Essay15746 Words   |  63 PagesHydraulic Fracturing (â€Å"Fracking†) LAS 432 – Technology, Society, and Culture Team B Michael Griffin Mark Hartwick Alena Hutson Kansas Gentry Kevin Gracia Professor Douglas McCoy 8/24/12 Contents Thesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 3 Hydraulic Fracturing Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 4 History of Fracking.....................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 5 Cultural Context†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PageRead MoreWhat Does The Fracking Process?2769 Words   |  12 Pagesunconventional reservoirs provides new challenges that might be overcome with new techniques and approaches This has radically changed perceptions of gas supply availability in the US and elsewhere by originating a revolution in the global gas markets. The revolution was made possible through advanced technological extraction of using a mixture of water sand and chemicals to fracture rock layers. These techniques have been known since the 1950’s but were only became fruitful in the 1990’s by producing

Fire in a Canebrake The Last Mass Lynching in America

‘Fire in a canebrake’ is quite a scorcher by Laura Wexler and which focuses on the last mass lynching which occurred in the American Deep South, the one in the heartland of rural Georgia, precisely Walton County, Georgia on 25th July, 1946, less than a year after the Second World War. Wexler narrates the story of the four black sharecroppers who met their end ‘at the hand of person’s unknown’ when an undisclosed number of white men simply shot the blacks to death. The author concentrates on the way the evidence was collected in those eerie post war times and how the FBI was actually involved in the case, but how nothing came of their extensive investigations. Interestingly, the book does not focus solely on the Georgia lynching, but†¦show more content†¦I would describe it as the definitive work on the Moore’s Ford lynching apart from the fact that it also reads exclusively like a novel. The description of the lynching is a fairly standard one; four helpless blacks (including two women) were shot in cold blood on the banks of the Apalachee River which is about nine miles from the town of Monroe, Walton County, Georgia, a town which was certainly not a stranger to violence. Wexler’s’ detailed investigation into the case reveals how men like Loy Harrison as well as his lawyer James Arnold worked assiduously together to derail the FBI investigation. The 1948 Senate election is also given some publicity since it ensured the election Herman Talmadge, an out and out racist who would ensure that the blacks of Georgia would be ‘put in their place’. Wexler unearths evidence that the Klan was very active in counties such as Walton and Oconee where certain individuals such as James Arnold held high offices in the Klan’s of these counties. Another important personage who features regularly in Wexler’s narrative is Stetson Kennedy who was also present for particular Klan meetings. Dr Samuel Green is also another important figure and he is also mentioned by Wexler in her narrative. The book also focuses on the FBI investigation which was quite poorly conducted and also lacked the co-operation of state officials. One also has to consider that Georgia was the home of that arch-segregationist William Russell whoShow MoreRelated Fire in a Canebrake Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesIn her Fire in a Canebrake, Laura Wexler describes an important event in mid-twentieth century American race relations, long ago relegated to the closet of American consciousness. In so doing, Wexler not only skillfully describes the event—the Moore’s Ford lynching of 1946—but incorporates it into our understanding of the present world and past by retaining the complexities of doubt and deception that surrounded the event when it occurred, and which still confound it in historical records. By skillfullyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Fire Of A Canebrake : The Last Mass Lynching 1126 Words   |  5 PagesFire in A Canebrake: The Last Mass Lynching in America by Laura Wexler is about the lynching of four African- Americans: Roger Malcom, Dorothy Malcom, George Dorsey, and Mae Murray Dorsey. This occurred in Walton County on July 25, 1946 at the old Moore’s Ford Bridge. The lynching spurred a six month federal investigation in Walton and Oconee County, but eventually led to no convictions or arrest. The FBI had many prime suspects and prime witnesses, but the white community stuck together and the

Anxiety and Fragile Old Man free essay sample

Melissa Garlic I sprint on to the air bridge, frizzy hair, laces undone, coat unbuttoned. I look tragic. Finally I Join the queue. I attempt to make myself look presentable; like that will ever happen. In my attempt to be graceful I try gliding towards the entrance of the plane, no luck. I trip over my laces and smash into the man in front of me. I apologize as he grunts. Crashing into my seat Im relieved, what else could go wrong? A fragile old man carefully takes his seat beside me. With only a seat between us I wonder if I should make polite yet awkward conversation. I decide against it. The final passenger roads the plane. He seems 17 or 18, my age, very attractive, tall, loose hazelnut hair, broad shoulders. Silently I pray that he wont sit next to me; he does. I silently smile and shoot my head down and pretend Im reading the worlds most fascinating article. We will write a custom essay sample on Anxiety and Fragile Old Man or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After a series of tedious flight instructions the plane is roaring to take off. Within a matter of seconds were in the air. My anxiety gets the batter of me as I peer out the window and see how high we are. My hands start to sweat and Im positive Vive left my stomach back on the ground. Air pockets start to threaten to send my lunch back up as the plane starts to Jolt left and right. As we reach the designated altitude the plane comes to a peaceful cruise. My nerves are dancing around believing that at any moment in time the plane will come to a spiraling crash. Quickly the flight attendants come round and offer a light snack and beverage. I embrace a glass of ice cold water. My nerves relax as everyone on the plane seems settled, I hunch back into my seat and ask myself what else could go wrong? Im Just beginning to think things are going well; until we start flying over Wellington. I notice that the plane is lightly shaking, nothing to worry about, and within a matter of minutes the plane is bouncing up down and side to side. My palms are sweating, my lunch is definitely going to be making reappearance and my breathing is making me sound slightly hysterical. Mimi k? Crap, cute boy to my left has totally noticed my panic attack. Muff, Im good I squeak, not daring to make eye contact. Out of the blue the plane drops. Without thinking I grab cute boys hand and shut my eyes hoping that this is all a bad dream. I open my eyes to see cute boy staring and me like I was two crayons short of a box. Oh my gosh Im so sorry! I gush, cherry red with embarrassment Awkwardly he smiles and looks away. Silently I turn away from him, humiliated and hoping that this is the one and only time that I will ever have to see him. The plane starts to steady itself as we come into landing. I cant wait to get of this plane and never see that boy again. The plane comes to halt; I spring up and throw my bags over my shoulder waiting to run off the plane as fast as my feet will take me. I manage to worm my way through many of the other passengers and make it to the arrivals lounge. I breathe a breath of relief and tell myself thats theres nothing from here on in that could possibly go wrong. I meet up with my mum to get my luggage. In a rush I grab what I assume is my bag and walk off. Big mistake. Weve Just arrived home, after what seems like hours stuck in Auckland traffic, and my phone is going off. Apparently Vive accidental grabbed a Mr. Trend Parkers bag. I groan as I think about now long its going to take to get the airport and back. Reluctantly mum and I climb back into the car and head towards the airport. Upon arriving we are told to go to the customer information desk. Mum and I drag our tired bodies towards the desk. Then I see him. Cute boy from the plane is standing there, looking extremely annoyed. Fear comes upon me like a crashing wave. I duck so he wont see me and I run and desperately search for something to hide behind. My very confused mother walks over to me with a puzzled look on her face. Dont even ask mum, Just go give that guy the bag I say in a hushed tone. Still confused she walks over to the desk and greats cute boy. I panic as I notice they are talking; that cant be good. Finally mum walks away and we get back to the car. Andrea, did you know that boy? mum questions No whys that? Well he knew you and asked me to give this to give to you she says handing over a tiny piece of ripped paper. I open the small note and read it; call me