Objective To construct a small commercial database and demonstrate its Essay

Target To build a little business database and exhibit its usefulness - Essay Example The web composition principally centers around more youthful clients, and contains some genuine instances of online business best practice, for example, better than average route and separating choices, very much arranged item surveys, and webpage search (Charlton, 2009). Established in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer, Marks and Spencer is a significant British retailer of garments, footwear, blessings, home outfitting, and extravagance food items. The company’s primary headquarter is in the City of Westminster, and has a wide system of stores with 703 in the United Kingdom, and 361 in excess of 40 nations over the globe. The gathering additionally possesses the garments retailer Brooks Brothers and the King Super Markets chain in the United States of America (Wikipedia, 2012). This property will contain the response to the mystery question of the client. The framework utilizes this credit to confirm the client on the off chance that if the client overlooks the secret phrase, and wishes to know the secret phrase; on the off chance that the client is checked decidedly, at that point the framework sends an email containing the secret phrase to the customer’s email

The 29 Colleges With the Best Financial Aid

The 29 Colleges With the Best Financial Aid SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips School in the US is costly excessively costly, truth be told, for the normal understudy to manage the cost of all alone. As indicated by the National Center for Education Statistics, about 86% of first-year understudies at 4-year universities were getting some money related guide starting at a few years back. Monetary guide is acceptable in the entirety of its structures, isn't that so? In the event that it enables undergrads to bear the cost of their instructions, what could be the issue? Tragically, not all monetary guide is made equivalent, and not all schools can bear to give out â€Å"good† understudy help. Here, I’ll quickly talk about the sorts of money related guide accessible (the â€Å"good† sorts and the â€Å"bad† sorts) before spreading out the collegeswith the best budgetary guide programs in the nation. Money related Aid Basics: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Money related guide originates from an assortment of sources and in an assortment of structures. Eventually, the entirety of this cash is intended to cover your school costs these expenses incorporate educational cost, room, board, charges, transportation, and individual costs. Your aggregate, or Cost of Attendance, will fluctuate contingent upon where you’re anticipating going to class. You can get increasingly itemized data on these expenses in our manual for school costs. So what considers budgetary guide? There are three fundamental kinds of help that you ought to know about: Awards are entireties of cash that you don't need to repay. They're normally granted dependent on budgetary need. Awards can emerge out of the national government or from your school. Advances are aggregates of cash that you acquire to finance your training. You take care of the total after graduation, notwithstanding repaying interest charges. At last, you take care of more than you acquire. Advances can emerge out of the central government (like Direct credits and Perkins advances) or from a private loan specialist like a bank. Like, awards, grants are totals of cash that you don't need to take care of. They can emerge out of private sources (like organizations) or from your school. They can be granted dependent on merit just or dependent on a mix of legitimacy and budgetary need. Athletic grants and scholastic legitimacy grants are in some cases granted by schools to amazingly serious candidates. These honors are given to lure understudies to acknowledge an offer affirmation; monetary need isn't really considered in these cases. Since you think about the various types of budgetary guide, we can discuss what help types are more useful than others. Awful Aid These kinds of help won't generally not be right for everybody, except they shouldn't be your first retreat. I characterize awful money related guide asaidthat's agood momentary arrangement, however a difficult in the long term.Financial help bundles are less engaging when they offer most of their monetary guide as loans.What this implies is that you’re still liable for those school costs, just you’ll need to pay them after you graduate rather than the present moment. You’re likewise liable for intrigue charges, which are particularly high when credits have high rates as well as are unsubsidized. Private Loans Private credits are excluded from schools’ monetary guide bundles in light of the fact that the advance moneylenders are banks, not the schools. On the off chance that your cash based expense is excessively high (for example in the event that awards/grants don’t spread enough of your school costs), you may consider going to understudy credits to cover the distinction. Private advances might be feasible monetary choices for certain understudies. I'm not saying that private credits are eviland that nobody ought to ever take out understudy advances from banks. They should, in any case, be the last alternative you consider after awards, grants, and low-intrigue/sponsored advances. A Terrible Financial Aid Package Less alluring money related guide bundles will include for the most part of credits, especially high-premium advances. In these cases, a school can't or won't spread an understudy's neglected need, so the onus to discover subsidizing is put on the understudy. What this typically implies is that the understudy needs to take out advances to take care of the expense of their training. The normal understudy obligation for alumni of 4-year BA programs in the US is about $24,000. For certain understudies, even this normal obligation sum may appear to be unmanageable. Great Aid These guide alternatives will in general be better choices; they're increasingly practical over the long haul. I characterize great monetary guide as help that is a useful and practical budgetary answer for both the short and long haul. Fundamentally, great monetary aidenables you to manage the cost of the training you need without preventing you expertly, monetarily, or actually after you graduate. Here are instances of help that fit this definition: Awards Any free cash is acceptable cash. Since you don't need to repay any cash that you get from awards, this honor type won't block you in any capacity after you graduate. Like I referenced before, they can emerge out of both open and private sources. Look at our Pell Grant manual for get familiar with government award alternatives. Grants Grants are like awards since it's basically free cash, you won't need to stress over reimbursement anytime. The significant contrast among awards and grants is that grant candidates are quite often assessed on merit, regardless of whether the grant is need-based. To begin with your grant search, look at our advisers for top honors for secondary school youngsters and secondary school seniors. Low-Interest Loans The awful news: advances aren't as fun as awards or grants. You need to take care of the cash + premium. The uplifting news: advances can at present be practical and sensible answers for understudies who can't bear the cost of a school's net cost after any awards or grants. What makes an advance a decent budgetary alternative? Low-loan fees, basically. Numerous government advance projects have low-loan costs, including Direct advances and Perkins loans.You might have the option to get private advances with low-loan costs in the event that you have great credit - for the most part, however, bureaucratic advances are better budgetary alternatives. Begin finding out about federalDirect Subsidized, and Direct Unsubsidized advances. Sponsored Loans Sponsored advances can set aside you some genuine cash over the long haul since they don't accumulate premium while you're in school and for 6-10 months after you graduate. See precisely how much cash you'll spare with a financed versus an unsubsidized credit. The Perkins advance is one unique case of a sponsored credit - not exclusively do youforgo intrigue charges while you're in school, however you could likewise be qualified for advance crossing out. A Decent Financial Aid Package Eventually, great money related guide bundles are comprised of a sound level of awards or potentially grants. On the off chance that advances are incorporated, they’ll be low intrigue (5% or lower) and may even be sponsored. They'llcover a portion of your monetary need and possibly toss a grant or award your direction. The best money related guide bundles will cover the entirety of your budgetary need. This means the school itself reserves your instruction after any government awards without making you take out credits. In the following area, you'll get a rundown of schools that guarantee to meet the entirety of its students’ money related need - the best sort of monetary guide. Need to construct the most ideal school application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best confirmations counseling administration. We join world-class confirmations instructors with our information driven, restrictive affirmations techniques. We've managed a large number of understudies get into their top decision schools, from state universities to the Ivy League. We comprehend what sorts of understudies schools need to concede. We need to get you admitted to your fantasy schools. Study PrepScholar Admissions to augment your opportunity of getting in. Universities With Best Financial Aid Coming up next is a rundown of schools that guarantee to meet the entirety of its students’ money related need without having them take out any advances. This means your family might be approached to pay what they can bear, and the school will cover the remainder of the expenses with their institutional budgetary guide subsidizing. (Note that there are different schools that are need-daze that offer little advance sums as a major aspect of their guide bundle.) You don’t fundamentally should be low-salary to have the entirety of your money related need met. For instance, Harvard doesn’t approach families for any commitment if family pay is under 65k, and families will possibly need to contribute up to10% of their salary on the off chance that they make somewhere in the range of 65k and 150k. Help sums work on a sliding scale for families that make more than 150k. Understudies with the most budgetary need will in general get the most aidbecause a significant number of these schools’ money related guide activities depend on expelling boundaries to school get to dependent on accounts. In case you're keen on any of the schools recorded, simply click the connection to get data on affirmations necessities: Amherst College Bowdoin College Earthy colored University Colby College Columbia University Dartmouth College (No advances for family pay under $100,000) Davidson College Duke University (No advances for family pay under $40,000; sliding scale after that) Harvard University Haverford College(No advances for family salary under $60,000) Lehigh University (No credits for family pay under $75,000; sliding scale after that) MIT (No advances for family pay under $90,000) Northwestern University (All first-year help bundles are sans advance) Pomona College Princeton University Rice University (No advances for family salary beneath $80,000; little credits over that) Stanford University Swarthmore College College of Chicago College of North Carolina - Chapel Hill (low-salary N

The Unsung Heroes of the Birmingham Campaign

At the point when one contemplates the social liberties development, the primary name that rings a bell is Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He contributed enormously to the headway of African American individuals in the U. S. ; notwithstanding, on account of the Birmingham Campaign, it was an aggregate collective endeavor from various nearby pioneers and MLK that calmly fought for, and in the long run picked up, the rights that every single American resident merit. Not many notice the endeavors of neighborhood pioneers like Fred Shuttlesworth’s work with Project â€Å"C†, James Bevel’s coordinating of the Birmingham Children’s Crusade, Wyatt Tee Walker’s sorting out showdowns with city officials.MLK’s own sibling A. D. Lord, who had an impact in the inevitable accomplishment of the development, is frequently kept separate from these discussions too. None of the rights that African Americans increased after the development would have been conceivabl e without the participation of President John F. Kennedy and the death of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In an open location to the country, President Kennedy expressed, â€Å"It should be feasible for American buyers of any shading to get equivalent help in spots of open accommodation†¦without being compelled to turn to showings in the road. He proceeded with, â€Å"It should be workable for American residents of any shading to enroll and to cast a ballot in a free political decision without impedance or dread of reprisal,† which was in reality an objective of the Birmingham crusade. 1 There were numerous elements that carried the social liberties development to Birmingham. In spite of the fact that it was a city with a 40% dark populace in 1960, Birmingham stayed one of the most isolated networks in America. 2 The way that African Americans had been liberated from servitude for almost one hundred years didn't mean anything to a lion's share of whites in the South.Segre gation of both public and business offices was legally necessary and upheld carefully in Birmingham. 3 African Americans had picked up the option to cast a ballot ninety years before the start of the Birmingham Campaign, however that didn't appear to mean much in the South. Whites utilized a few techniques including survey charges, education tests, and the granddad provision to keep blacks from practicing their sacred option to cast a ballot. In 1960, just 10% of the African American populace in Birmingham enrolled to cast a ballot. Some may ask why the white network was so restricted to integration. One answer is the that they basically had nothing to pick up aside from expanded rivalries for employments. 5 The joblessness rate for blacks was over multiple times higher that it was for whites. Likewise, a lion's share of whites had been raised reasoning they were better than African Americans dependent on the shade of their skin. It was this obstinate and oblivious perspective that caused it so hard for blacks to achieve uniformity in the south.Although the white and dark networks of Birmingham would have never been viewed as settled, strain between them started to mount from the get-go in 1963. On January 14, Governor George C. Wallace was introduced. In his discourse he expressed he had confidence in â€Å"segregation now, isolation tomorrow, isolation for eternity. †6 It was as of now that the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which was established in 1957, made arrangements for the Birmingham Campaign. 7 Originally it was planned for March of that year. Be that as it may, the SCLC decided to hold up until after the run-off political race for Mayor of Birmingham on April 2.Albert Boutwell, who was moderate contrasted with his segregationist adversary Theophilus Eugene â€Å"Bull† Connor, won the political decision. Connor remained the Commissioner of Public Safety, and would later have an instrumental influence in the Campaign. 8 They accepted this would be the best time to carry the social liberties development to Birmingham in full power. The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, a gathering made in 1956 when Alabama banned the NAACP, discharged an announcement entitled the â€Å"Birmingham Manifesto† clarifying the purposes behind the showings that would occur in the next months. It likewise involved how dark residents have had a go at â€Å"petitioning for the nullification of city mandates requiring segregation† just as how they have â€Å"turned to the arrangement of the courts. † It is evident that those engaged with composing this archive accepted that exhibits in Birmingham were their final hotel. Fred Shuttlesworth and N. H. Smith were the main men sufficiently valiant to sign their names at the base of the report that announced the dark networks future protection from the oppressive laws in Birmingham. 10 The Birmingham Campaign authoritatively started on April 3, 196 3, the day after the arrival of the Birmingham Manifesto.Some of the things those behind the development would have liked to achieve included integrating open offices, discharging peaceful protestors from prison, and reviving of parks that were shut so as to battle isolation. On April 3, dark residents assembled in downtown Birmingham to dissent for racial correspondence in recruiting. Littler gatherings arranged protests at white just lunch counters; be that as it may, the lunch counters were shut and around twenty individuals were captured. The next day, MLK endeavored to lead a walk to the Birmingham City Hall. The walk didn't keep going long because of an absence of devotees. 1 After the fights on the initial two days of the battle saw no outcomes, Fred Shuttlesworth and Wyatt Tee Walker, who were both exceptionally dynamic in the SCLC, sorted out Project â€Å"C† (for encounter. It included a progression of demonstrations and peaceful fights that would start on April 7. Shuttlesworth and Rev. Charles Billups, another neighborhood head, organized a walk that should arrive at the Birmingham City Hall. Police halted the walk and twenty-six individuals, running in age from seventeen to seventy-eight, were captured. 12 Nine of those captured were female. Both Shuttlesworth and Billups were in the front of the walk and were arrested.The following day, A. D. Ruler drove a gathering of more than 2,000 individuals to dissent Shuttlesworth and Billups’ detainment. The showing was immediately put to an end when Circuit Court Judge William Jenkins gave a court directive that restricted open fights. 13 Very right off the bat in the crusade, African Americans increased one little triumph. On April 11, 1963, the Birmingham Public Library casted a ballot to integrate. 14 On this equivalent day, a court-requested directive against â€Å"boycotting, intruding, marching, picketing, protests, stoop ins, swim ins, and affecting or empowering such acts,† w as issued.MLK and Ralph Abernathy were captured for strutting without a grant the next day, Good Friday. 15 16 Many were offended that the greatest pioneer in the national social liberties development was treacherously captured for a tranquil dissent in Birmingham. Following MLK and Abernathy’s captures, eight white pastors discharged â€Å"A Call for Unity,† an article that was expected for African Americans in the Birmingham people group who had been fighting in the previous weeks. The article utilized words like â€Å"impatient† to depict blacks and furthermore cautioned about joining â€Å"outsiders† in their shows, alluding to MLK. 7 While in prison, MLK composed an immediate reaction to his â€Å"fellow clergymen† entitled â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail. † The primary issue he tended to in the letter was his purpose behind being in Birmingham. MLK says, â€Å"[I] am here on the grounds that I was welcomed here,† and further more, â€Å"I am here in light of the fact that foul play is here. † These were immediate reactions to the inquiries presented by the ministers in â€Å"A Call for Unity. † Next, he clarified the four essential strides of any peaceful battle: assortment of realities to decide if shameful acts exist; arrangement; self-decontamination; and direct action.MLK accepted the individuals of Birmingham had experienced these means. Likewise, he tended to the shameful acts that African Americans had looked in the Birmingham courts, just as the various unsolved bombings. MLK then clarified why his partners and he â€Å"[did not] give the new city organization time to act. † He expresses that the new city organization must be forced right off the bat with the goal for them to act. Additionally, he expresses that despite the fact that Boutwell is a â€Å"much progressively delicate individual the Mr. Connor†¦we are tragically mixed up on the off chance that we feel that the appointment of Albert Boutwell will carry the thousand years to Birmingham. Later in his letter, MLK clarified that he accepts isolation is a wrongdoing in light of the fact that is denies African Americans their essential human rights. He likewise says that one has a â€Å"moral responsibility† to ignore out of line laws. At that point, he clarifies the distinction in an equitable law and an uncalled for law. â€Å"A just law is a man made code that squares with the ethical law or the law of God. An unreasonable law is a code that is out of congruity with the good law†¦One who oversteps an uncalled for law must do so straightforwardly, affectionately, and with a readiness to acknowledge the punishment. MLK likewise examines that he is annoyed with the white moderate since they are more worried about maintaining control than achieving equity. The principle focal point of the letter is to help spread the message of common noncompliance. MLK accepted this was the mos t ideal route for African Americans to accomplish their objectives. All through the letter, he utilized harsh speech however was rarely hostile. The reaction was broadly distributed and has since gotten well known. 18 The Campaign proceeded all through April with different exhibits that accomplished little success.However, James Bevel, a clergyman who had a major impact in the Nashville Student development and who had been brought in to work close by MLK, had been arranging a major arrangement of occasions. For a considerable length of time Bevel had been meeting with nearby rudimentary and secondary school understudies in the Birmingham school areas. He had been t

The Collapse Of The Icelandic Banking System Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

In the transition from a small-scale, low risk deposit money banking system to a universal international banking system oriented toward high-risk leveraged investments and depending heavily on foreign wholesale financing was accomplished in less than a decade. The three leading banks, Glitner, Kaupthing, and Landsbanki, were among the fastest growing financial institutions in the world (Eggertsson and Herbertsson, 2009). As the domestic economy had grown and stock prices had soared, the three banks assets had expanded from 100 percent GDP in 2004 to 923 percent at end 2007 (IMF,2008) which is almost ten times the countrys GDP. Early October 2008, the Icelandic economic euphoria was crushed by the three large banks failures, bringing down the financial system, creating an economic crisis, social and political chaos. The purpose of this Report is to respond to the issue as a regulator for banks, on the collapse of the Icelandic banking system by Identifying the main c auses of the collapse of the banks. Recommending prudential regulations which will protect the community from such devastating bank failures in the future. The failure towards the three large banks, effectively taken over the government placed a burden of debt on citizens. II. Main causes of the collapse of the banks Growth of Banks and size at the time of collapse The main explanation on the collapse of the three large banks, Glitner, Kaupthing, and Landsbanki is highly due to the rapid expansion and their subsequent size when they fell in October 2008. Internal growth of the bank was due to the increase in loan portfolios, averaged of nearly 50% from the beginning of 2004 until their collapse (Althingi,chapter2,2009); commonly associated with poor quality loans as a result of poor underwriting, record keeping, management and supervision (Flannery,2009). The quality of the loan portfolios were eroded under these circumstances as such large-scale and high risk growth were not compatible with the long-term interests of solid banks where there were strong incentives for growth within the banks. Foreign operations of the banks rocketed and a change in the nature of the banks activities were also seen as investment banking gained importance as part of their operations. An opening of global debt financing further drove the growth of the banks. The banks received high credit ratings; inherited from the countys sovereign debt rating on the sound position of the state and expectations. They also had access to the markets in Europe due to the European Economic Area Agreement (EEA), to participate in a European Unions single market without a conventional EU membership. Such big growth in lending by the banks will cause their asset portfolio to develop into a very high-risk one (Jimenez,2006). As the liquidity crisis started in 2007, foreign deposits and short term securitised funding became the main source of funding for the three banks and these ty pe of financing were very sensitive to market conditions. A run on the collateralised loans was as detrimental as a run on foreign deposit accounts. The likelihood of run therefore increases, both on deposits and other means of funding. At the time of the collapse, repayment schedule of outstanding bond issues and collateral loans were burdensome due to the enormous growth throughout the decade. Weak equity As a result of the abundance of supply of credit with low interest rates in the international markets, the banks were able to borrow more money at low interest rates and passed in on to its customers. The economic resources that the banks had were invested into its own shares and were known as weak equity. It consisted of loans with collaterals and forward contract on own shares. It was reported that these three banks have financed themselves with 300 billion of Iceland Kro na (IKR) of their own shares in mid-2008(Althingi, chapter21, 2009). Hence, the bank capital ratio s did not reflect in the real ability of the banks in withstanding losses if it were to happen. Leveraging of the banks owners The owners of the large three banks were amongst the biggest borrowers (Althingi, chapter21 ,2009). As owners, they had easy access to the loans and received substantial facilities though banks subsidiaries that operated money market funds. The largest debtors of Glitner, Kaupthing and Landsbanki were also the principal owners of the banks. The operations of the banks were in many ways characterised by their maximising of the benefit of majority shareholders, who held the reins in the bank, rather than by running reliable banks with the interests of all shareholders in mind and to showing due responsibilities towards creditors. There is a conflict of interest between the operation of the banks and operation of other companies owned by the same owners. When in the late 2007 and 2008, where the banks began to experience funding problems, it seemed tha t the boundaries between the interests of the banks and the interests of their biggest shareholders were often unclear and the banks were seen to put more emphasis on backing up their owners instead. (Moore, 2010). The privatisation of the banks were owned and controlled by three groups of investors who used the banks to extend their balance sheet, and not by running the bank reliably and responsibly towards the interests of all shareholders. Concentration of risks Risk diversification is vital in the operation of the banks. As the banks are heavy indebted, it is therefore important for their portfolio of assets to be widely spread. As the largest debtors of the three banks are also the principal owner of the banks, there is a high risk such that the performance of the bank is dependent upon the performance of the group. It is too much risk for a bank to handle as the group falls and in the event when more loans is given, proven to be harmful to the depositors and creditors if they default. There was the exposure of more than one related party which accumulated within individual banks in the country and also between banks as there were groups of interrelated borrowers within all the banks. As a consequence, systemic risk exposure became significant to the loan portfolios of the banks. The loan of the groups amounted up to 5.5 billion EUR, 11% of all the loans and about an aggregated equity of 53%.( Althingi, chapter21 ,2009) This significant systemic risk does not only affect one of the banks if it fails but all three banks. III. Recommendations on prudential regulations to protect community from future bank failures Keeping up in pace with the monitoring on financial institutions As the banks pursued rapid international growth and domestic expansion, it is vital that FSA is able to keep up to date with the rapid growth of the banks and be well equipped with technical expertise and the equipment necessary to produce high quality comprehens ive surveys of the position in the development of individual financial institutions. It was clearly seen from the FSAs budget up to 2006 that it was insufficient for it to keep pace with the growth ( Althingi, chapter 2,2009) and hence unable to fulfil its tasks properly. Vast expert knowledge is required on the operations of banks, economics, accounting, and legislation, especially for country has minimal experience in the financial industry. The Depositors and Investors Guarantee Fund (DIGF) needed strong surveillance under the FSA as an insufficient sum and the potential losses to foreign depositors will lead to serious problems. In closely monitoring the financial institutions and its activities, prompt actions should be exercised when growth is too rapid to reduce the size of the balance sheets of the banks, where the banking system will become far too big in relative to the size of the economy. Contingency plans There should be a stricter regulation into the systemic risk management on the capital reserve in the financial institution and also a compulsory contingency plan as to withstand a financial shock within the company. These contingency plans are to be clear and realistic. A strict act on minimum equity capital of banks should also be placed on these institutions. In the event of the failure in 2008, the rules were based on the so-called Basel II standards and provide that the capital base of banks should always extend more than 8% of the risk base. However, during the time where the financial system tumbled, capital ratios did not reflect the real strength as it own shares that risks exposure through direct collaterals and forward contracts on their own shares( Althingi, chapter21 ,2009) More sectors to identify specific risks It is important that there is compulsory of university degree, extensive knowledge and experience in financial market in hiring competent staff. With the resources and expertise, the organisational structured can be changed to incorporate groups of experts from different units who examine specific risks (including market risks) across sectors (Jà ¤nnà ¤ri,K. ,2009). A department for solvency and capital adequacy, department of credit and market risks can be introduced on top of the current four units. This can lessen the danger of compartmentalisation of the supervisory authority along the industry lines and allow regulators to concentrate on its own supervisory tasks. Maximise the amount of shares that can be owned by the debtor, Cross-ownerships Supervision in cross-ownerships has to be tighter and rules more stringent. The fact that banks were financing purchases of their own banks shares by their owners and other clients poses a large indirect risks in each others shares (Jà ¤nnà ¤ri,K. ,2009). This is especially true for a small economy. Cross-ownership is hard to avoid in the absence of a comprehensive regulatory and supervisory framework. Therefore close supervision is v ital in the case of any methods used to boost their capital adequacy artificially. IV Conclusion In the wake of a flawed process of privatisation, together with insufficient experience in the financial industry; the rapid growth of the three banks, Glitner, Kaupthing, and Landsbanki in a short period of time was deemed only possible by applying weak underwriting standards, loans to large holding companies and relying on weak equity. The fall of these three banks resulted in some of the biggest bankruptcies ever. Preliminary estimates indicate that creditors might have lost around 70 billion dollars in the crisis (Eggertsson and Herbertsson, 2009)and about roughly $330,000 for every Icelandic man, woman and child (Lewis,2009). The failure and the collapse of these banks as a result of these iniquities have caused a significant burden to the Icelandic citizens. A change in the organisational structure of the prudential regulations is to be implemented, in order to prevent and protect the community from such devastating bank failures in the future. Aliber,R.,2008, Monetary Turbulence and the Icelandic Economy, University of Iceland, June 20, 2008. https://www.hi.is/files/skjol/icelandlecutre-May-2008.pdf Althingi,2009, Chapter 2: Summary of the Reports Main Conclusions, Report of the Special Investigation Committee to the Icelandic Parliament Althingi,2009, Chapter 21: Summary of the Reports Main Conclusions, Report of the Special Investigation Committee to the Icelandic Parliament Buiter,W.,2008, The Icelandic banking crisis and what to do about it: The lender of last resort theory of optimal currency areas, Centre for Economic Policy Research, Policy insight No. 26., October 2008. https://www.cepr.org/pubs/PolicyInsights/PolicyInsight26.pdf Eggertsson,T. and Herbertsson,T. 2009, System Failure in Iceland and the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, University of Iceland University of Reykjavik, June 10, 2009. Flannery,M. 2009, Iceland s Failed Banks : A Post-Mortem, University of Florida, November 9, 2009. International Monetary Fund, 2008, Iceland: Financial System Stability Assessment-Update, December 2008. Jà ¤nnà ¤ri,K., 2009, Report on Banking Regulation and Supervision in Iceland: past, present and future, March 30, 2009. https://www.island.is/media/frettir/KaarloJannari%20_2009_%20Final.pdf Jimenez,G., J. Saurina,2006, Credit Cycles, Credit Risk, and Prudential Regulation. International Journal of Central Banking 2, February 2006, pages 65-98. Lewis, Michael, 2009, Wall Street on the Tundra, Vanity Fair Magazine, April 1, 2009. Moore,J.,2010, Iceland was negligent over banking collapse, The independent, April 13, 2010. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/iceland-was-negligent-over-banking-collapse-1943153.html

Fracking And Fracture Stimulation Techniques Essay

Fracking in CSG mining is a process where a mixture of water, sand and additives are pumped under pressure into a coal seam to open up already existent cracks in the coal strata. Fracturing fluid is 97%-99% sand and water, with a small amount of commonly used biodegradable compounds to prevent bacterial growth and turn the fluid into a gel so it can be pumped more easily (What is coal seam gas? - NSW Resources and Energy, 2016). The CSIRO suggests the components of fracturing fluid are: guar gum, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, ammonium persulphate, ethanol, acetic acid and sodium carbonate. Any chemicals used in fracking activities in NSW must be approved by the NSW Department of Industry, Resources and Energy. This government agency assesses applications to determine the chemical use is safe for both the community and environment. Additives of drilling and fracture stimulation techniques may be sampled at any time to ensure compliance with government legislation. In some places the coal is permeable and therefore fracking is not required to release the gas. In other places gas companies drill horizontally into the coal seam as an alternative to fracking. ‘Horizontal drilling occurs at deep levels underground and reduces the number of visible vertical wells located above ground’(NSW, 2013). The horizontal holes are much smaller and eliminate the need for hydraulic fracking. Hydraulic fracking is not a new procedure and has been used by the oil and gas industryShow MoreRelatedFracking And Its Early Technological Advancements1564 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' Contents Introduction 1 What is Hydraulic Fracking? 2 The Roberts Torpedo, 1864 3 Kelpper Well No. 1, 1947 5 Hydrafrac, 1949 6 The Growth of Hydrafrac, 1949 - 1954 8 Introduction Hydraulic fracking (‘Fracking’) dominates the US oil and gas industry. Although it is currently a politically dividing topic due to environmental concerns (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010), the concept behind fracking has been around for over 150 years (Roberts, 1866), and has beenRead MoreFracking : How Fracking Effects People1222 Words   |  5 Pages How fracking effects people Hydraulic fracturing began in 1947 and still happening until now. People have used fracking to produce more than one million oil and natural gas wells since 1947. Currently fracking accounts for 50% of locally produced natural gas and 33% of local petroleum† (Engelder 274). It proved that fracking is valuable because people can get too much natural gas and petroleum from fracking. There are 2.5 million frac jobs that hadRead MoreMotivation: India energy scenario: Today, India is the fifth largest energy consumer in the world.1500 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as quartz and calcite. Shale can be the source, reservoir and the seal for natural gas. Shale formations normally have low permeability (limited ability for gas or fluids to flow easily through the shale formation) and normally require stimulation techniques (such as fracturing) to economically produce shale gas. Shale gas is natural gas that is attached to, or â€Å"adsorbed† onto, organic matter or is contained in thin, porous silt or sand beds interbedded in the shale. The combined clay and mineralsRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : A Common And Widespread Technique1637 Words   |  7 PagesHydraulic fracturing has become a very common and widespread technique, especially in North America, due to technological advances that have allowed extracting natural gas from so-called unconventional reservoirs (tight sands, coal beds and shale formations). The socalled high volume hydraulic fracturing (with treatments typically an order of magnitude larger than the conventional fracturing procedures) began in 1968. 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This exploration enhances the development of even more advanced techniques as issues are identified and problems solved to address the unique properties of the formation and the surrounding surface environment. Even though a formation may be comprised of a single sedimentary l ayer from a similar geological time frame itRead MoreHydraulic Fracking Essay15746 Words   |  63 PagesHydraulic Fracturing (â€Å"Fracking†) LAS 432 – Technology, Society, and Culture Team B Michael Griffin Mark Hartwick Alena Hutson Kansas Gentry Kevin Gracia Professor Douglas McCoy 8/24/12 Contents Thesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Page 3 Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 3 Hydraulic Fracturing Description†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Page 4 History of Fracking.....................†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Page 5 Cultural Context†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦PageRead MoreWhat Does The Fracking Process?2769 Words   |  12 Pagesunconventional reservoirs provides new challenges that might be overcome with new techniques and approaches This has radically changed perceptions of gas supply availability in the US and elsewhere by originating a revolution in the global gas markets. The revolution was made possible through advanced technological extraction of using a mixture of water sand and chemicals to fracture rock layers. These techniques have been known since the 1950’s but were only became fruitful in the 1990’s by producing

Fire in a Canebrake The Last Mass Lynching in America

‘Fire in a canebrake’ is quite a scorcher by Laura Wexler and which focuses on the last mass lynching which occurred in the American Deep South, the one in the heartland of rural Georgia, precisely Walton County, Georgia on 25th July, 1946, less than a year after the Second World War. Wexler narrates the story of the four black sharecroppers who met their end ‘at the hand of person’s unknown’ when an undisclosed number of white men simply shot the blacks to death. The author concentrates on the way the evidence was collected in those eerie post war times and how the FBI was actually involved in the case, but how nothing came of their extensive investigations. Interestingly, the book does not focus solely on the Georgia lynching, but†¦show more content†¦I would describe it as the definitive work on the Moore’s Ford lynching apart from the fact that it also reads exclusively like a novel. The description of the lynching is a fairly standard one; four helpless blacks (including two women) were shot in cold blood on the banks of the Apalachee River which is about nine miles from the town of Monroe, Walton County, Georgia, a town which was certainly not a stranger to violence. Wexler’s’ detailed investigation into the case reveals how men like Loy Harrison as well as his lawyer James Arnold worked assiduously together to derail the FBI investigation. The 1948 Senate election is also given some publicity since it ensured the election Herman Talmadge, an out and out racist who would ensure that the blacks of Georgia would be ‘put in their place’. Wexler unearths evidence that the Klan was very active in counties such as Walton and Oconee where certain individuals such as James Arnold held high offices in the Klan’s of these counties. Another important personage who features regularly in Wexler’s narrative is Stetson Kennedy who was also present for particular Klan meetings. Dr Samuel Green is also another important figure and he is also mentioned by Wexler in her narrative. The book also focuses on the FBI investigation which was quite poorly conducted and also lacked the co-operation of state officials. One also has to consider that Georgia was the home of that arch-segregationist William Russell whoShow MoreRelated Fire in a Canebrake Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesIn her Fire in a Canebrake, Laura Wexler describes an important event in mid-twentieth century American race relations, long ago relegated to the closet of American consciousness. In so doing, Wexler not only skillfully describes the event—the Moore’s Ford lynching of 1946—but incorporates it into our understanding of the present world and past by retaining the complexities of doubt and deception that surrounded the event when it occurred, and which still confound it in historical records. By skillfullyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Fire Of A Canebrake : The Last Mass Lynching 1126 Words   |  5 PagesFire in A Canebrake: The Last Mass Lynching in America by Laura Wexler is about the lynching of four African- Americans: Roger Malcom, Dorothy Malcom, George Dorsey, and Mae Murray Dorsey. This occurred in Walton County on July 25, 1946 at the old Moore’s Ford Bridge. The lynching spurred a six month federal investigation in Walton and Oconee County, but eventually led to no convictions or arrest. The FBI had many prime suspects and prime witnesses, but the white community stuck together and the

Anxiety and Fragile Old Man free essay sample

Melissa Garlic I sprint on to the air bridge, frizzy hair, laces undone, coat unbuttoned. I look tragic. Finally I Join the queue. I attempt to make myself look presentable; like that will ever happen. In my attempt to be graceful I try gliding towards the entrance of the plane, no luck. I trip over my laces and smash into the man in front of me. I apologize as he grunts. Crashing into my seat Im relieved, what else could go wrong? A fragile old man carefully takes his seat beside me. With only a seat between us I wonder if I should make polite yet awkward conversation. I decide against it. The final passenger roads the plane. He seems 17 or 18, my age, very attractive, tall, loose hazelnut hair, broad shoulders. Silently I pray that he wont sit next to me; he does. I silently smile and shoot my head down and pretend Im reading the worlds most fascinating article. We will write a custom essay sample on Anxiety and Fragile Old Man or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After a series of tedious flight instructions the plane is roaring to take off. Within a matter of seconds were in the air. My anxiety gets the batter of me as I peer out the window and see how high we are. My hands start to sweat and Im positive Vive left my stomach back on the ground. Air pockets start to threaten to send my lunch back up as the plane starts to Jolt left and right. As we reach the designated altitude the plane comes to a peaceful cruise. My nerves are dancing around believing that at any moment in time the plane will come to a spiraling crash. Quickly the flight attendants come round and offer a light snack and beverage. I embrace a glass of ice cold water. My nerves relax as everyone on the plane seems settled, I hunch back into my seat and ask myself what else could go wrong? Im Just beginning to think things are going well; until we start flying over Wellington. I notice that the plane is lightly shaking, nothing to worry about, and within a matter of minutes the plane is bouncing up down and side to side. My palms are sweating, my lunch is definitely going to be making reappearance and my breathing is making me sound slightly hysterical. Mimi k? Crap, cute boy to my left has totally noticed my panic attack. Muff, Im good I squeak, not daring to make eye contact. Out of the blue the plane drops. Without thinking I grab cute boys hand and shut my eyes hoping that this is all a bad dream. I open my eyes to see cute boy staring and me like I was two crayons short of a box. Oh my gosh Im so sorry! I gush, cherry red with embarrassment Awkwardly he smiles and looks away. Silently I turn away from him, humiliated and hoping that this is the one and only time that I will ever have to see him. The plane starts to steady itself as we come into landing. I cant wait to get of this plane and never see that boy again. The plane comes to halt; I spring up and throw my bags over my shoulder waiting to run off the plane as fast as my feet will take me. I manage to worm my way through many of the other passengers and make it to the arrivals lounge. I breathe a breath of relief and tell myself thats theres nothing from here on in that could possibly go wrong. I meet up with my mum to get my luggage. In a rush I grab what I assume is my bag and walk off. Big mistake. Weve Just arrived home, after what seems like hours stuck in Auckland traffic, and my phone is going off. Apparently Vive accidental grabbed a Mr. Trend Parkers bag. I groan as I think about now long its going to take to get the airport and back. Reluctantly mum and I climb back into the car and head towards the airport. Upon arriving we are told to go to the customer information desk. Mum and I drag our tired bodies towards the desk. Then I see him. Cute boy from the plane is standing there, looking extremely annoyed. Fear comes upon me like a crashing wave. I duck so he wont see me and I run and desperately search for something to hide behind. My very confused mother walks over to me with a puzzled look on her face. Dont even ask mum, Just go give that guy the bag I say in a hushed tone. Still confused she walks over to the desk and greats cute boy. I panic as I notice they are talking; that cant be good. Finally mum walks away and we get back to the car. Andrea, did you know that boy? mum questions No whys that? Well he knew you and asked me to give this to give to you she says handing over a tiny piece of ripped paper. I open the small note and read it; call me